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Tandy Graphics Adapter

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</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title" style="padding-bottom:0.2em;">Tandy Graphics Adapter</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="infobox-caption">Tandy 1000 RL computer with a Tandy Video II display</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.25em;line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Release date</th><td class="infobox-data">1984 (1984)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.25em;line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Architecture</th><td class="infobox-data">IBM Video Gate Array, <a href="Motorola_MC6845" class="mw-redirect" title="Motorola MC6845">Motorola MC6845</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="font-size:105%;"><a href="Graphics_card" title="Graphics card">Cards</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.25em;line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Entry-level</th><td class="infobox-data">Tandy Video I</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.25em;line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">High-end</th><td class="infobox-data">Tandy Video II</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="font-size:105%;">History</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.25em;line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Color_Graphics_Adapter" title="Color Graphics Adapter">Color Graphics Adapter</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.25em;line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Enhanced_Graphics_Adapter" title="Enhanced Graphics Adapter">Enhanced Graphics Adapter</a></td></tr></tbody></table>

Tandy Graphics Adapter (TGA, also Tandy graphics) is a <a href="Computer_display_standard" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer display standard">computer display standard</a> for the <a href="Tandy_1000" title="Tandy 1000">Tandy 1000</a> series of IBM PC compatibles, which has compatibility with the video subsystem of the <a href="IBM_PCjr" title="IBM PCjr">IBM PCjr</a> but became a standard in its own right.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="PCjr_graphics">PCjr graphics</h2></div>

The Tandy 1000 series began in 1984 as a clone of the <a href="IBM_PCjr" title="IBM PCjr">IBM PCjr</a>,<a href="#cite_note-loguidice2014-1">[1]</a> offering support for existing PCjr software.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> As a result, its graphics subsystem is largely compatible.

The PCjr, released in March 1984, has a graphics subsystem built around IBM's Video Gate Array<a href="#cite_note-nortonpcjraudio19840124-3">[3]</a> (not to be confused with the later <a href="Video_Graphics_Array" title="Video Graphics Array">Video Graphics Array</a>) and an <a href="Motorola_6845" title="Motorola 6845">MC6845</a> CRTC<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> and extends on the capabilities of the <a href="Color_Graphics_Adapter" title="Color Graphics Adapter">Color Graphics Adapter</a> (CGA), increasing the number of colors in each screen mode. CGA's 2-color mode can be displayed with four colors, and its 4-color mode can be displayed with all 16 colors.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a>

Since the Tandy 1000 was much more successful than PCjr,<a href="#cite_note-loguidice2014-1">[1]</a> their shared hardware capabilities became more associated with the Tandy brand than with IBM.

While there is no specific name for the Tandy graphics subsystem (Tandy's documentation calls it the "Video System Logic"<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a>), common parlance referred to it as TGA.<a href="#cite_note-:1-7">[7]</a> Where not otherwise stated, information in this article that describes the TGA also applies to the PCjr video subsystem.

While <a href="Enhanced_Graphics_Adapter" title="Enhanced Graphics Adapter">EGA</a> would eventually deliver a superset of TGA graphics on IBM compatibles, software written for TGA is not compatible with EGA cards.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Output_capabilities">Output capabilities</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tandy_Video_I_/_PCjr">Tandy Video I / PCjr</h3></div>

Tandy 1000 systems before the Tandy 1000 SL, and the PCjr, have this type of video.<a href="#cite_note-oldskool1-8">[8]</a> It offers several CGA-compatible modes and enhanced modes.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a>

CGA compatible modes:

<ul><li>320 × 200 in 4 colors from a 16 color (<a href="List_of_monochrome_and_RGB_color_formats#IBM_PC_graphics" title="List of monochrome and RGB color formats">4-bit RGBI</a>) hardware palette. Pixel <a href="Aspect_ratio" title="Aspect ratio">aspect ratio</a> of 1:1.2.</li>

<li>640 × 200 in 2 colors from 16. Pixel aspect ratio of 1:2.4</li>

<li>40 × 25 with 8 × 8 pixel font text mode (effective resolution of 320 × 200)</li>

<li>80 × 25 with 8 × 8 pixel font text mode (effective resolution of 640 × 200)</li></ul>

Both text modes could themselves be set to display in monochrome, or in 16 colors.

In addition to the CGA modes, it offers:

<ul><li>160 × 200 with 16 colors (equivalent to the graphical quality of many contemporary 8-bit home computers and games consoles, using the same 16 KB memory size and machine bandwidth as the original CGA modes, and analogous to/somewhat able to share graphics assets with CGA's "composite color" mode whilst remaining displayable on RGB monitors)</li>

<li>320 × 200 with 16 colors</li>

<li>640 × 200 with 4 colors (from 16)</li></ul>

Some games detect the Tandy hardware and display enhanced graphics in Tandy mode even when their CGA display mode is selected, while others offer the option to select "Tandy" graphics.<a href="#cite_note-:1-7">[7]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tandy_Video_II_/_ETGA">Tandy Video II / ETGA</h3></div>

Tandy 1000 SL-series, TL-series, and RL-series models have this type of video.<a href="#cite_note-oldskool1-8">[8]</a>

It offers the same modes as Tandy Video I, plus one more non-CGA mode:<a href="#cite_note-:0-10">[10]</a>

<ul><li>640 × 200 with 16 colors</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Popularity">Popularity</h2></div>

With built-in joystick ports, 16-color graphics and multichannel sound, the Tandy 1000 was considered the best platform for <a href="PC_game" title="PC game">IBM PC-compatible games</a> before the VGA era, and the combination of its graphics and sound became a de facto standard, "Tandy compatible".<a href="#cite_note-loguidice2014-1">[1]</a>

By 1988 games mentioning "Tandy" on packaging was common. Doing so reportedly caused Radio Shack to very likely sell them in stores.<a href="#cite_note-80micro198805-11">[11]</a> 28 of 66 games that <a href="Computer_Gaming_World" title="Computer Gaming World">Computer Gaming World</a> tested in 1989 supported Tandy graphics.<a href="#cite_note-cgw198908-12">[12]</a> Titles such as <a href="Cisco_Heat" title="Cisco Heat">Cisco Heat</a>, <a href="Indiana_Jones_and_the_Last_Crusade%3A_The_Graphic_Adventure" title="Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade: The Graphic Adventure">Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade</a>, <a href="Loom_(video_game)" title="Loom (video game)">Loom</a>, <a href="Magic_Pockets" title="Magic Pockets">Magic Pockets</a>, <a href="Oh_No!_More_Lemmings" title="Oh No! More Lemmings">Oh No! More Lemmings</a>, <a href="Another_World_(video_game)" title="Another World (video game)">Out of This World</a>, <a href="OverKill_(video_game)" title="OverKill (video game)">OverKill</a>, <a href="Prince_of_Persia_(1989_video_game)" title="Prince of Persia (1989 video game)">Prince of Persia</a>, <a href="The_Secret_of_Monkey_Island" title="The Secret of Monkey Island">The Secret of Monkey Island</a> and <a href="SimCity_(1989_video_game)" title="SimCity (1989 video game)">SimCity</a> are indicated as supporting PCjr/Tandy graphics.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a>

A <a href="Display_driver" title="Display driver">display driver</a> for Tandy graphics hardware was supplied with <a href="Windows_2.0x" class="mw-redirect" title="Windows 2.0x">Windows 2.0</a>, and could be used on <a href="Windows_3.0" title="Windows 3.0">Windows 3.0</a>.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hardware_design">Hardware design</h2></div>

TGA graphics are built into the motherboards of Tandy computers. The PCjr uses a custom monitor with a unique 18-pin plug,<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> but an adapter (with the same <a href="DE-9" class="mw-redirect" title="DE-9">DE-9</a> connector and <a href="Color_Graphics_Adapter#DE-9_connector_for_RGBI_monitor" title="Color Graphics Adapter">pinout as IBM's CGA/EGA</a>) can connect it to the <a href="List_of_IBM_products#IBM_PC_components_and_peripherals" title="List of IBM products">IBM Color Display</a> or similar <a href="4-bit_computing" title="4-bit computing">4-bit</a> digital (<a href="Transistor-transistor_logic" class="mw-redirect" title="Transistor-transistor logic">TTL</a>) <a href="RGB(I)" class="mw-redirect" title="RGB(I)">RGBI</a> monitor.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> The Tandy 1000 provides the DE-9 connector directly.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a>

The monitor is responsible for translating the 4-bit digital levels into 16 colors, as shown it the following table (actual colors could vary somewhat between monitors):<a href="#cite_note-:5-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-viler-25">[25]</a>

<th colspan="10">Tandy/CGA RGBI hardware palette

</th></tr>

<tr>

<th>Displayed Color

</th>

<th>R

</th>

<th>G

</th>

<th>B

</th>

<th>I

</th>

<th>Displayed Color

</th>

<th>R

</th>

<th>G

</th>

<th>B

</th>

<th>I

</th></tr>

<tr>

<td style="color:white; background:#000;">Black

</td>

<td>0

</td>

<td>0

</td>

<td>0

</td>

<td>0

</td>

<td style="color:white; background:#555;">Gray

</td>

<td>0

</td>

<td>0

</td>

<td>0

</td>

<td>1

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td style="color:white; background:#00a;">Blue

</td>

<td>0

</td>

<td>0

</td>

<td>1

</td>

<td>0

</td>

<td style="color:white; background:#55f;">Light Blue

</td>

<td>0

</td>

<td>0

</td>

<td>1

</td>

<td>1

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td style="color:white; background:#0a0;">Green

</td>

<td>0

</td>

<td>1

</td>

<td>0

</td>

<td>0

</td>

<td style="color:black; background:#5f5;">Light Green

</td>

<td>0

</td>

<td>1

</td>

<td>0

</td>

<td>1

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td style="color:white; background:#0aa;">Cyan

</td>

<td>0

</td>

<td>1

</td>

<td>1

</td>

<td>0

</td>

<td style="color:black; background:#5ff;">Light Cyan

</td>

<td>0

</td>

<td>1

</td>

<td>1

</td>

<td>1

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td style="color:white; background:#a00;">Red

</td>

<td>1

</td>

<td>0

</td>

<td>0

</td>

<td>0

</td>

<td style="color:black; background:#f55;">Light Red

</td>

<td>1

</td>

<td>0

</td>

<td>0

</td>

<td>1

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td style="color:white; background:#a0a;">Magenta

</td>

<td>1

</td>

<td>0

</td>

<td>1

</td>

<td>0

</td>

<td style="color:black; background:#f5f;">Light Magenta

</td>

<td>1

</td>

<td>0

</td>

<td>1

</td>

<td>1

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td style="color:white; background:#a50;">Brown

</td>

<td>1

</td>

<td>1

</td>

<td>0

</td>

<td>0

</td>

<td style="color:black; background:#ff5;">Yellow

</td>

<td>1

</td>

<td>1

</td>

<td>0

</td>

<td>1

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td style="color:black; background:#aaa;">Light Gray

</td>

<td>1

</td>

<td>1

</td>

<td>1

</td>

<td>0

</td>

<td style="color:black; background:#fff;">White

</td>

<td>1

</td>

<td>1

</td>

<td>1

</td>

<td>1

</td></tr></tbody></table>

The later Tandy 1000 SL and TL models offered an enhanced version of the TGA, still limited to displaying 16 colors but at an improved resolution of 640 × 200.<a href="#cite_note-oldskool1-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-10">[10]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Programmable_palette">Programmable palette</h3></div>

When operating in the CGA video modes which use 1 or 2 bits per pixel, TGA allows remapping of the 2 or 4 palette entries to any of the 16 colors in the CGA gamut via programmable palette control registers.<a href="#cite_note-:2-26">[26]</a> This allows software to use the CGA modes without being constrained to the three hardwired palettes of the actual CGA.

The following improvements in color choice are available in the CGA graphics modes:

<ul><li>320 × 200 in 4 colors: The three foreground colors can be freely chosen, in addition to the background color which could already be set on the CGA</li>

<li>640 × 200 in 2 colors: The background color can be freely chosen, rather than always being black, in addition to the foreground color which could already be set on the CGA.</li></ul>

The palette mapping logic is always active, even in text modes, so it is possible to cause certain text to change in appearance (appear, disappear, cycle colors, etc.) just by changing the palette, without making any changes to the character attribute bytes in RAM.

The PCjr/TGA programmable palette was carried over to the IBM EGA, where it was extended to 6-bit entries for 64 colors. VGA retained this 16 x 6-bit "internal palette" and added another, cascaded 256 x 18-bit RAMDAC "external palette".

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shared_RAM">Shared RAM</h3></div>

Unlike every other IBM-designed PC video standard, TGA uses some of the main system RAM as video RAM. The PCjr had 64 KB of built-in RAM on the mainboard, and an additional 64 KB can be installed via a special card that plugs into a dedicated slot on the PCjr mainboard.<a href="#cite_note-:2-26">[26]</a> This 64 KB or 128 KB of base RAM is special in that it is shared with the PCjr video subsystem.

TGA video modes use either 16 KB or 32 KB of RAM.<a href="#cite_note-:2-26">[26]</a> Text modes use 16 KB divided into 4 or 8 pages, for 80×25 or 40×25 text formats respectively; any part of the 16 KB not used for text display pages can be used as general RAM.

In graphical modes, the base 128 KB of RAM is divided into eight 16 KB banks.<a href="#cite_note-:2-26">[26]</a> The PCjr can use any bank for video generation, in a video mode that uses 16 KB. In a mode that uses 32 KB, it can use any even bank concatenated with the next higher odd bank.<a href="#cite_note-:2-26">[26]</a> The PCjr can also independently map any 16 KB bank of base RAM to address 0xB8000 for CPU access, for CGA compatibility.<a href="#cite_note-:2-26">[26]</a>

Apart from address 0xB8000, the CPU can access any bank at any time via its native address in the first 128 KB of the address space.<a href="#cite_note-:2-26">[26]</a> The first bank overlaps the interrupt vector table of the x86 CPU and the data area used by the BIOS, so it is generally not usable for graphics.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a>

Using system memory has advantages: It saves the cost of dedicated video RAM, and the dynamic RAM is refreshed by the 6845 CRT controller as long as the video is running, so there is no need for separate DRAM refresh circuitry. In the <a href="IBM_Personal_Computer_XT" title="IBM Personal Computer XT">IBM PC XT</a> upon which the PCjr is based, DRAM refresh is performed by one channel of the <a href="Intel_8237" title="Intel 8237">8237</a> DMA controller, triggered by one channel of the <a href="Intel_8253" title="Intel 8253">8253</a> programmable timer, while in the PCjr the 8237 is eliminated and the timer channel is repurposed (to work around a complication of other cost-cutting in the keyboard interface).<a href="#cite_note-:2-26">[26]</a>

Up to almost 128 KB of RAM can be used for video (if software is mostly in ROM—e.g. on PCjr cartridges—or in RAM above the first 128 KB), and the displayed video banks can be switched instantaneously to implement double-buffering (or triple-buffering, or up to 7-fold buffering in 16 KB video modes) for smooth full-screen animation, something the CGA cannot do.

The Tandy 1000 computers do not incorporate the PCjr's cost-cutting measures (most of them have an 8237 DMA controller), but for compatibility with PCjr video, they use the same RAM-sharing scheme.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Incompatibilities">Incompatibilities</h2></div>

The PCjr video and Tandy 1000 graphics subsystems are not identical. One difference is in the size of the video memory aperture at address 0xB8000. While the PCjr video hardware can use up to 32 KB of RAM for the video buffer, it emulates the CGA precisely by making only 16 KB of this available at address 0xB8000. Like the true CGA, the 16 KB of RAM at 0xB8000 is aliased at address 0xBC000.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a>

The Tandy hardware, in contrast, makes the full 32 KB of selected video RAM available at 0xB8000. This difference causes some software written for Tandy graphics not to work correctly on a PCjr, displaying images in 320 × 200 16-color or 640 × 200 with periodic black horizontal lines: a "venetian-blinds" effect.

It is possible that software for the PCjr that relies on the memory wrap-around at address 0xBC000 will not work correctly on a Tandy 1000.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a>

<ul><li><a href="Plantronics_Colorplus" title="Plantronics Colorplus">Plantronics Colorplus</a>, a graphic board with similar capabilities</li>

<li><a href="Quadram_Quadcolor" title="Quadram Quadcolor">Quadram Quadcolor</a>, a graphic board with similar capabilities</li>

<li><a href="List_of_8-bit_computer_hardware_palettes" class="mw-redirect" title="List of 8-bit computer hardware palettes">List of 8-bit computer hardware palettes</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_defunct_graphics_chips_and_card_companies" class="mw-redirect" title="List of defunct graphics chips and card companies">List of defunct graphics chips and card companies</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFLoguidice,_BillBarton,_Matt2014" class="citation book cs1">Loguidice, Bill; Barton, Matt (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wZnpAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA96">Vintage Game Consoles: An Inside Look at Apple, Atari, Commodore, Nintendo, and the Greatest Gaming Platforms of All Time</a>. CRC Press. pp. 96–97. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1135006518</bdi>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFBartimo1985" class="citation news cs1">Bartimo, Jim (March 11, 1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5C4EAAAAMBAJ&q=tandy+pcjr+compatible&pg=PA28">"Tandy Revamps Product Line"</a>. InfoWorld. p. 28.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-nortonpcjraudio19840124-3"><a href="#cite_ref-nortonpcjraudio19840124_3-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFNorton1984" class="citation news cs1">Norton, Peter (1984-01-24). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kSzKzjWHeVEC&pg=PA137">"Sound Abilities: The PCjr"</a>. PC Magazine. p. 137. Retrieved 23 October 2013.</cite>

</li>

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<li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <cite class="citation book cs1">Tandy 1000 HX Technical Reference Manual. p. 39.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-oldskool1-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-oldskool1_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-oldskool1_8-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-oldskool1_8-2">c</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ftp.oldskool.org/pub/tvdog/tandy1000/documents/1kfaq.txt">II.B.5. What is this weird video Tandy has?</a>, Tandy 1000-series FAQ (Version 2.52 / October 25, 2005)

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<li id="cite_note-cgw198908-12"><a href="#cite_ref-cgw198908_12-0">^</a> <cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cgwmuseum.org/galleries/issues/cgw_62.pdf">"The Owner's Guide to Tandy 16 Color"</a> (PDF). Computer Gaming World. August 1989. p. 14.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.classicdosgames.com/video/tandy.html">"RGB Classic Games - PCjr/Tandy games"</a>. www.classicdosgames.com. Retrieved 2023-04-13.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/IBMPCJrTechnicalReference_201705">IBM PCjr Technical Reference</a>. IBM. 1983. pp. 3–83, 3–93.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFPurcaru2014" class="citation book cs1">Purcaru, Bogdan Ion (2014-03-13). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lB4PAwAAQBAJ&q=tandy%201000%209%20pin&pg=PA207">Games vs. Hardware. The History of PC video games: The 80's</a>. Purcaru Ion Bogdan. p. 207.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-:5-19"><a href="#cite_ref-:5_19-0">^</a> <cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://minuszerodegrees.net/oa/OA%20-%20IBM%20Enhanced%20Color%20Display%20(5154).pdf">IBM Personal Computer Hardware Reference Library: IBM Enhanced Color Display</a> (PDF). p. 4.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> The color brown, represented by R=1, G=1, B=0, I=0, is an exception; whereas a straight interpretation of these bit values would resolve this color as dark yellow, the intensity of the green component is reduced, to produce brown, for only this one <a href="4-bit_computing" title="4-bit computing">4-bit</a> value. See <a href="List_of_8-bit_computer_hardware_palettes" class="mw-redirect" title="List of 8-bit computer hardware palettes">this page</a> for details. This special RGBI interpretation for brown is performed in the monitor; the IBM 5153 monitor designed for the CGA performs it, but some early third-party monitors did not.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> International Business Machines Corporation (1983): IBM Personal Computer XT Technical Reference Manual, pages D-42 to D-43.

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<li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/tandy-service-manual-cm-2-color-monitor-26-3212">Tandy CM-2 Color Monitor Service Manual</a>. p. 48.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <cite class="citation book cs1">Tandy CM-4 Color Monitor Service Manual. p. 41.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/Sams_Computerfacts_Radio_Shack_Model_CM11_Monitor_1988_Howard_Sams">Sams&Company ComputerFacts Technical Service Data: Magnavox® Model 7BM613074G - Radio Shack® Model CM11 Monitor</a>. 1988. p. 11.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-viler-25"><a href="#cite_ref-viler_25-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://int10h.org/blog/2022/06/ibm-5153-color-true-cga-palette/">"The IBM 5153's True CGA Palette and Color Output"</a>. VileR. 2022-06-11. Retrieved 2024-05-18.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-:2-26">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_26-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_26-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_26-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_26-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_26-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_26-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_26-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_26-7">h</a> IBM PCjr Technical Reference

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<li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFGhzouliBergerJohnsenDragule2020" class="citation book cs1">Ghzouli, Razan; Berger, Thorsten; Johnsen, Einar Broch; Dragule, Swaib; Wąsowski, Andrzej (2020). "Behavior trees in action: A study of robotics applications". Proceedings of the 13th ACM SIGPLAN International Conference on Software Language Engineering. pp. 196–209. <a href="ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2010.06256">2010.06256</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F3426425.3426942">10.1145/3426425.3426942</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-4503-8176-5</bdi>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFColledanchiseÖgren2018" class="citation book cs1">Colledanchise, Michele; Ögren, Petter (2018). Behavior Trees in Robotics and AI. <a href="ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1709.00084">1709.00084</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1201%2F9780429489105">10.1201/9780429489105</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-429-95090-2</bdi>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nerdlypleasures.blogspot.com/2012/06/ibm-pcjr-and-tandy-1000-games.html">"IBM PCjr and Tandy 1000 Games"</a>. Nerdly Pleasures. 21 June 2012. Retrieved 2025-05-08.</cite>

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</ol></div></div>

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</style><div id="Computer_display_standards178" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="List_of_computer_display_standards" title="List of computer display standards">Computer display standards</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Video_card" class="mw-redirect" title="Video card">PC-compatible video hardware</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Plantronics_Colorplus" title="Plantronics Colorplus">Plantronics</a> (1982)</li>

<li><a href="Quadram_Quadcolor" title="Quadram Quadcolor">Quadcolor</a> (1983)</li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Standard <a href="Display_resolution" title="Display resolution">display resolutions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Widescreen" title="Widescreen">Widescreen</a> <a href="Display_resolution" title="Display resolution">display resolutions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="TRS-80_and_Tandy-branded_computers,_clones_and_related_systems313" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="TRS-80_and_Tandy-branded_computers,_clones_and_related_systems313" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="List_of_TRS-80_and_Tandy-branded_computers" title="List of TRS-80 and Tandy-branded computers">TRS-80 and Tandy-branded computers, clones and related systems</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Series</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="TRS-80" title="TRS-80">TRS-80</a> Model I & III</li>

<li><a href="TRS-80_Model_4" title="TRS-80 Model 4">TRS-80 Model 4</a></li>

<li><a href="TRS-80_Model_II" title="TRS-80 Model II">TRS-80 Model II</a>/12/16/6000</li>

<li><a href="TRS-80_Color_Computer" title="TRS-80 Color Computer">TRS-80 Color Computer</a></li>

<li><a href="Tandy_Pocket_Computer" title="Tandy Pocket Computer">Tandy Pocket Computer</a>

<li><a href="Tandy_1000" title="Tandy 1000">Tandy 1000</a></li>

<li><a href="Tandy_2000" title="Tandy 2000">Tandy 2000</a></li>

<li><a href="Tandy_3000" title="Tandy 3000">Tandy 3000</a></li>

<li><a href="TRS-80_Model_100" title="TRS-80 Model 100">TRS-80 Model 100</a>/200</li>

<li><a href="Tandy_1400_LT" title="Tandy 1400 LT">Tandy 1400 LT</a></li>

<li><a href="Tandy_10_Business_Computer_System" title="Tandy 10 Business Computer System">Tandy 10 Business Computer System</a></li>

</div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Clone_(computing)" title="Clone (computing)">Clones</a>, related systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>Original TRS-80

<ul><li><a href="Aster_CT-80" title="Aster CT-80">Aster CT-80</a></li>

<li><a href="Video_Genie" title="Video Genie">Video Genie</a></li>

<li><a href="Colour_Genie" title="Colour Genie">Colour Genie</a></li>

<li><a href="Mera-Elzab_Meritum" title="Mera-Elzab Meritum">Mera-Elzab Meritum</a></li></ul></li>

<li>Color Computer

<li><a href="Dragon_32/64" title="Dragon 32/64">Dragon 32/64</a></li>

<li><a href="Prol%C3%B3gica_CP-400" title="Prológica CP-400">CP 400 COLOR</a></li>

<li><a href="LZ_Color_64" title="LZ Color 64">Color 64</a></li>

<li>TRS-80 MC-10

<ul><li><a href="Matra_Alice" title="Matra Alice">Matra Alice</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="RadioShack" title="RadioShack">RadioShack</a></li>

<li><a href="Tandy_Corporation" title="Tandy Corporation">Tandy Corporation</a></li>

<li><a href="Tandy_Video_Information_System" title="Tandy Video Information System">Tandy Video Information System</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>

<ul><li> RadioShack template</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-07-04" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Tandy_Graphics_Adapter&oldid=1298761211">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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